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Mengu-Timur or Möngke Temür ((モンゴル語:ᠮᠦᠨᠺᠬᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ, Мөнхтөмөр)) (? - 1280), Son of Toqoqan Khan〔 and Buka Ujin of Oirat〔Rashid al-Din - Universal History, Vol. II, p 102〕 and the grandson of Batu Khan. He was a khan of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire in 1266-1280. His name literally means "Eternal Iron" in the Mongolian language. == Early reign and foreign policy == During his reign, the Mongols together with their subjects Russian princes undertook military campaigns against Byzantium (c. 1269-1271), Lithuania (1275), and Alans in Caucasus (1277). The very first yarlyk (license) found by historians was written on behalf of Mengu-Timur and contained information on the release of the Russian Orthodox Church from paying tribute to the Golden Horde, however, he was a shamanist. During the reign of Mengu-Timur, the Genoese traders purchased Caffa from the Mongols. But those Italian merchants paid taxes to Mongol khans and sometimes to Nogai. Both German crusaders and Lithuanians endangered the safety of Russian lands. In 1268, he sent a Tatar-Mongol force to Novgorod, and forced Livonian Knights to withdraw. In 1274 Smolensk, the last of Russian principalities, became subject to Möngke Temür khan of the Golden Horde. The Khan also dispatched his army along with Russian princes to Lithuania by the request of the duke Lev of Galicia-Volhynia in 1275. In 1277, he ended the long-duration siege of Alani city Dyadkov with the assistance of his Russian vassals and crushed the rebellion of Bulgars in Kazan. And he allowed German traders to travel freely through his domain. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mengu-Timur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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